Appendix 1 Fly Tipping Scrutiny Report
Argyll and Bute Council · 20 June 2024
Back to Environment, Development and Infrastructure Committee — 20 June 2024 and its agenda
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ARGYLL AND BUTE COUNCIL AUDIT AND SCRUTINY COMMITTEE FINANCIAL SERVICES 14 MARCH 2024 FLY-TIPPING SCRUTINY REVIEW 1. SUMMARY 1.1 The Fly-tipping scrutiny review commenced as per the 2021/22 scrutiny plan agreed by the Audit and Scrutiny Committee at their development session on the 27 April 2021 and concluded as per the 2023/24 scrutiny plan. 1.2 The initial Fly-tipping scrutiny panel comprised of Councillor Jim Lynch (Chair), Councillor Freeman and Councillor Vennard and concluded with Martin Caldwell replacing Councillor Freeman due to changes in Council membership in the intervening period. Support was provided by internal audit officers throughout. 1.3 Fly-tipping was chosen for inclusion in our scrutiny priorities for 2021/22 as it had been identified as an escalating national issue with Councils facing considerable costs to clear up the discarded waste. The Committee chose to re-visit this review in 2023/24 as insufficient reliable data was available at the time of the initial review and improvements had been implemented as a result of the interim report agreed at the 23 June 2022 meeting of the Committee. 2. RECOMMENDATIONS 2.1 Committee to agree the Draft Fly-tipping Scrutiny Report. 2.2 Committee to agree that the Fly-tipping scrutiny report to be presented to the Environment, Development and Infrastructure Committee for consideration. 3. DETAIL. 3.1 The agreed objectives of the scrutiny review were to: • ensure the council’s systems record sufficient information to provide an indication of the extent of fly-tipping across the four administrative areas • ensure the Council’s duty to investigate, clear and take appropriate enforcement action in relation to fly-tipping on public land is appropriately managed • ensure there is good collaborative working arrangements in place
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• ensure that the Council’s charging structure is fair and proportionate across all businesses. 3.2 Throughout this review two panel meetings were held to gather evidence. • Panel one – Council’s Head of Roads and Infrastructure Services and the Operations Manager with responsibility for the Environmental Wardens and Amenity Services • Panel two – Operations Manager with responsibility for the Environmental Wardens and Amenity Services 3.3 We would like to extend our appreciation for the cooperation and assistance received from all witnesses invited to provide evidence over the course of the review. 3.4 Based on the information obtained during the early course of the review, an interim report including three initial recommendations was considered by the Committee. It was decided this review was a work-in-progress and should be re-visited when improvements had been made to provide more reliable datasets for analysis. 3.5 The Committee agreed to conclude the review as per the Scrutiny Plan for 2023/24 where two further recommendations were identified. The panel has identified a total of five findings specific to this review which are detailed in the report attached as appendix 1. 3.6 The report has been discussed with the officers and panel members involved in the review to confirm accuracy. 4. CONCLUSION 4.1 The Committee is requested to agree the attached report and agree the most appropriate Committee or other Council group for the Fly-tipping scrutiny report to be presented to for consideration. 5. IMPLICATIONS 5.1 Policy – None 5.2 Financial – None 5.3 Legal – None 5.4 HR – None 5.5 Fairer Scotland Duty – None 5.5.1 Equalities – protected characteristics – None 5.5.2 Socio-economic Duty – None 5.5.3 Islands – None 5.6 Climate Change – None 5.7 Risk – None
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5.8 Customer Service – None 5.9 The Rights of the Child (UNCRC) – None Councillor Jim Lynch Chair of the Fly-tipping Scrutiny Panel 14 March 2024 For further information please contact: Paul Macaskill, Chief Internal Auditor, 01546 604108 Appendices: Appendix 1 – Fly-tipping Scrutiny Report
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Argyll and Bute Council Scrutiny Report February 2024 DRAFT Fly-Tipping
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2 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 Contents 1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Scrutiny Initiation Briefings – 02 November 2021 and 13 January 2022.............................................. 5 2. Scrutiny Meetings ........................................................................................................................... 6 Scrutiny Meeting – Council Officers – 02 March 2022 .......................................................................... 6 Scrutiny Meeting – Operations Manager – 06 February 2024 .............................................................. 9 3. Overall Conclusion and Findings .................................................................................................. 11 Contact Details Chair: Jim Lynch (Vice Chair of Audit and Scrutiny Committee) Chief Internal Auditor: Paul Macaskill (paul.macaskill@argyll-bute.gov.uk) www.argyll-bute.gov.uk
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3 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 1. Executive Summary Introduction 1. As part of Argyll and Bute Council’s (the Council) 2021/22 scrutiny plan, approved by the Audit & Scrutiny Committee (the Committee) in June 2021, we have undertaken a scrutiny review of Fly- tipping. 2. Throughout this report references to ‘the Panel’ refers to the Vice-Chair of the Committee and two Committee members who conducted this review. They were: • Councillor Lynch (Panel Chair) • Councillor Freeman • Councillor Vennard 3. The Panel was supported by council officers who gave willingly of their time to help deliver the review. We would like to extend our appreciation for the co-operation and assistance received from all witnesses invited to provide evidence over the course of the review. Objectives 4. The agreed objectives of the scrutiny review were to: • ensure the Council’s systems record sufficient information to provide an indication of the extent of fly-tipping across the four administrative areas • ensure the Council’s duty to investigate, clear and take appropriate enforcement action in relation to fly-tipping on public land is appropriately managed • ensure there is good collaborative working arrangements in place • ensure that the Council’s charging structure is fair and proportionate across all businesses Background 5. Fly-tipping is “the illegal deposit of any waste onto land, i.e. waste dumped or tipped on a site with no licence to accept waste”, it affects the aesthetic appeal of an area and causes damage to the environment. Waste can include: general household items; larger domestic appliances and furniture; garden refuse and commercial refuse such as construction materials and tyres, sometimes waste materials may be hazardous to health, wildlife or the ecosystem. 6. Businesses and Individuals are responsible for disposing of their own waste, the Council is responsible for clearing waste from streets and public areas as set out in the Environmental Protection Act 1990. The Council has a target of five working days to clear fly-tipping and one day for hazardous waste. Clearance of fly-tipping imposes significant financial costs on national and local government, businesses and other organisations, many of these costs are ultimately borne by the public, either as taxpayers or customers. 7. The Council charges for disposal of commercial waste at civic amenity sites and also for larger item uplifts from the customer’s property. There can be quite differing motivations resulting in fly-tipping behaviour such as economic savings from the avoidance of disposal fees/uplift costs, ignorance of services available or criminal activity. Successful countermeasures include waste management infrastructure, education/awareness raising and enforcement measures.
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4 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 8. According to Zero Waste Scotland research in 2013, around 26k tonnes of material is fly-tipped across Scotland every year with an annual direct cost of £11 million, there were also indirect costs but these were difficult to quantify. Scottish Government and Marine Scotland published their litter strategies in 2014 and provide a collection of online resources with a focus on prevention and encouraging individuals to take personal responsibility. A fixed penalty of £200 for fly-tipping was also introduced at that time and if convicted this can rise to a maximum of £40k or 12 months imprisonment for the offender. Environmental Wardens will attempt identify the fly-tipping offenders with a view to issuing a fixed penalty, however, no fixed penalties notices were issued by the Council in the years 2019-20 and 2020-21. 9. Fly-tipping can be reported by visiting or phoning the Council’s Customer Service Centre, instances can also be reported online via the Council’s, Zero Waste Scotland’s and SEPA’s websites. The Council employs four Environmental Wardens who work in collaboration with partner organisations to deal with instances of fly-tipping, the organisation responsible for clearance will depend on the location, nature and content of the materials discarded and whether they are of a hazardous nature. 10. The tables below indicates the number of fly-tipping reports received by the Council’s Customer Service Centre and the number of hours the wardens have spent on dealing with litter & fly- tipping in the years 2019-20 and 2020-21. (Hours expended by Environmental Wardens and additional Amenity Services employees to deal with fly-tipping were not recorded separately at the time of the review.) Number of reports of fly-tipping received by the Council’s Customer Service Centre: B & C H & L MAKI OLI Area Not specified TOTAL 19/20 20/21 19/20 20/21 19/20 20/21 19/20 20/21 19/20 20/21 19/20 20/21 Incident service request 70 72 127 140 48 33 40 57 0 0 285 302 Enquiry only 3 3 11 3 1 1 8 1 24 32 47 40 Member Enquiry only 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 TOTAL 74 75 138 143 49 34 48 58 24 32 333 342 Number of hours spent by wardens addressing litter/fly-tipping issues is as follows: 2019/20 2020/21 Area Hours % warden time Recharge £ Hours % warden time Recharge £ B & C 304.5 11.49 8,521.00 208.25 11.67 6,501.97 H & L 223.75 11.87 6,261.32 450.25 29.25 9,452.43 OLI 344.75 18.97 9,647.33 302.75 24.52 14,057.66 MAKI 29.5 13.01 825.52 76.5 20.93 2,388.48 TOTALS 902.5 25,255.17 1037.75 32,400.54 11. Local Environmental Audit and Management System (LEAMS) has been the national performance indicator for street litter cleanliness since 2003/04. It is part of Keep Scotland
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5 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 Beautiful (KSB), a registered charity set up to monitor issues such as litter, dog fouling, fly- tipping, fly-posting and graffiti and in partnership with Scottish Councils was originally developed to help meet obligations under best value using a combination of self and independent monitoring. The Council participates in this programme along with 30 other Scottish Councils by completing and submitting monthly self-assessments and six-monthly independent assessments. Below is an extract from the 2020-21 Local Environmental Audit and Management System (LEAMS) Report providing a summary of fly-tipping statistics and comparison with previous year, national and benchmarking club statistics. Associated commentary advised that there was a general localised hotspot issue with instances in other areas infrequently observed. Table 1. Argyll and Bute Council 2020/21 Argyll and Bute Council 2019/20 National 2020/21 Benchmarking Club 2020/21 Sites impacted by fly-tipping 3.7% 3.3% 3.9% 2.2% Scrutiny Initiation Briefings – 02 November 2021 and 13 January 2022 12. In October 2021 scrutiny officers circulated a briefing paper to the Panel which provided background on fly-tipping. The Panel met to agree the scope and identify invitees to give evidence at a panel meeting. 13. The agreed scope was to: • establish extent of fly-tipping problem in the Argyll and Bute area • assess compliance with duty to investigate, clear and take enforcement action • consider success of collaborative working • consider level of fees and charges and the possible correlation with fly-tipping incidents. 14. The Panel agreed that they should meet with appropriate representatives of the groups set out in Exhibit 1. Exhibit 1 – Scrutiny Meetings Group Key Areas for Discussion Council Officer(s) • Compliance with legislation and national guidance • records indicating the volume, content and extent of fly-tipping across the Council area • records indicating the time expended by Council officers and the associated costs to investigate, clear and take enforcement action • resourcing of the environmental warden service • appropriateness of charging structure to dispose of waste legally and whether these charges deter use of the service resulting in fly-tipping • measures taken to educate residents to reduce fly-tipping instances • outcomes and success measures of collaborative working • benchmarking with other Councils
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6 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 2. Scrutiny Meetings Scrutiny Meeting – Council Officers – 02 March 2022 15. The meeting consisted of the Head of Roads and Infrastructure Services and the Operations Manager who has responsibility for both the Environmental Wardens and Amenity Services. The key messages reflecting the views of the Council officers who attended, from this meeting are set out in Exhibit 2. Exhibit 2 – Scrutiny Meeting 1 – Council Officers - Key Messages Theme Detail Compliance with legislation The Council is legally required to clear waste fly-tipped on public land, there is a target of five days to do this and one day if the materials are considered to be harmful. LEAMS is the national performance indicator for street cleanliness, published reports indicate positive results for the Council. Extent of fly- tipping across Argyll and Bute Management considers that Argyll and Bute Council does not have the increasing issue with fly-tipping that is being experienced by other Councils, they are aware of only six incidents (not including commercial waste being placed in domestic waste bins or within public street bins) during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Incidents experienced are infrequent and take up a small percentage of the environmental warden’s time. Waste is mostly composed of construction materials, tyres, white goods and other larger household items, there can also be seasonal materials such as gardening waste. Other instances occur where bins are overflowing and waste is left beside them. Reports of fly-tipping are received via the Council’s Customer Service Centre and passed to Roads and Infrastructure Services for action. Wardens will investigate the location as soon as possible to avoid escalation of an occurrence. Some reports received relate to materials fly-tipped on private land, however, this is the responsibility of the landowner who will have to make arrangements and cover costs associated with its removal. In general, private landowners are not pursued to clear the waste unless it is positioned near Council land and it is likely to encroach. Record-keeping An Environment Agency system called “Flycapture” was used to record fly- tipping data between 2009 and 2014, however, this system was withdrawn from use in 2014 and no alternative has been implemented for recording of data. Wardens and operational supervisors are aware of hotspots for fly-tipping but these are not recorded.
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7 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 The Customer Service Centre reports indicate that 285 incidents of fly tipping were received in the year 2019-20 and this raised to 302 in the year 2020-21. Service management are aware of only six incidents of fly-tipping during the lockdown period of 2020 and consider there may be inconsistencies in the classification being used by the Customer Service Centre staff when recording information received, some calls may have been passed to Environmental Health or SEPA to action depending on the materials involved. Some of these reported incidents may include misuse of domestic general waste bins and misuse of street bins by commercial operators. Additionally, these may include the misuse of recycling at bring sites, generally glass recycling, with numerous incidents highlighted despite the collection date being imminent. There are also incidents where private and agricultural land have been collated. There was insufficient detail to provide the number of instances per 10k population to perform a comparison across the Council’s four administrative areas. Management considers that all areas are facing similar problems. Warden’s timesheets have recently been adapted to separate fly-tipping from other duties to provide a better indication of the time expended responding to fly-tipping incidents. Measures taken to prevent fly- tipping A fixed penalty of £200 was introduced in 2014, if the offender is convicted this can rise to £40k or 12 months imprisonment. The Council participates in national campaigns run by Zero Waste Scotland and Keep Scotland Beautiful. Wardens monitor hotspots and visit fast food outlets and schools to provide educational materials and discuss issues of littering, fly-tipping and dog fouling. Warden Resources Due to budget savings in 2018-19, Environmental Wardens were reduced from nine to four, they are located across the Council area as follows: one in Helensburgh and Lomond (HL), one in the Oban Lorn and the Isles (OLI) and two in Cowal and Bute (CB). Mid-Argyll, Kintyre and Islay (MAKI) is covered by the environmental wardens located in CB and OLI. (The locations of these four wardens is based on the council’s selection for redundancy criteria.) Four seasonal staycation wardens are also recruited over the tourist season. Travel time expended by the Environmental Wardens to cover the MAKI area is significant, however, It is unclear from the information provided if this coverage is sufficient. Collaboration with partner organisations The Council works very closely with the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), Police Scotland, National Farmers Union (NFU) and Registered Social Landlords (RSLs).
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8 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 Environment Wardens and Police Officers jointly patrol areas with regards to littering and fly-tipping, members of the NFU are also brought on board where issues concern the protection of livestock. The Council works well with partnership organisation at all times and particularly well when new accommodation is being built so that any difficulties servicing waste can be identified and resolved prior to issues arising. Successful partnership arrangements have been in place with organisations to recycle or reuse items such as furniture and bicycles. The Mull and Iona Community Trust (MICT) is particularly well established and resells items from their premises in Craignure, The Group for Recycling in Argyll and Bute (GRAB) Trust collects items from containers at the RENEWI Waste Disposal site and the Kintyre Recycling Ltd resells items from its premises in Campbeltown and repairs discarded and donated bikes for lending or reselling. MICT wardens have also acted as corroborating officers to save our Environment Wardens having to travel to Mull. The Council also works very closely with the National Park Authority as they operate within our boundaries. Two previous partnership arrangements were less successful based at the Blackhill Civic Amenity Site in the Helensburgh area, unfortunately items were not being taken away for deployment and break ins and damage occurred at the site. There is also some joint working with West Dunbartonshire Council as a neighbouring authority but there were some legalities regarding responsibilities, this will be revisited prior to the start of the new season to discuss ways of assisting each other. There are also some discussions on potential joint waste transfer stations as we progress towards the Biodegradable Municipal Landfill ban that comes in to force in December 2025. The RENEWI contractors and Council officers have been working together to manage commercial waste being deposited in domestic waste facilities at the civic amenity sites to avoid charges. It can be quite difficult for the site operatives to determine if waste is commercial or domestic, service users may be challenged by the site operative who may follow-up to determine whether they are a legitimate private user. Management is always prepared to enter discussions with organisation regarding any future partnership arrangements. Cost to Council to recover fly- tipping Vs waste disposal and uplift Commercial waste disposed of at a civic amenity site is chargeable whereas domestic waste is free. Special uplifts are chargeable at both domestic and commercial premises although there are different rates for these. Council operated waste disposal sites require commercial customers to purchase a permit and submit a ticket each time the facility is used, where
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9 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 charges to customers RENEWI operates the site, a commercial arrangement is in place between them and the customer and this is covered in the Public Private Partnership (PPP) contract between the Council and RENEWI. The Council would have to cover the cost of taking waste materials to landfill if charges for special uplifts were reduced, this would be detrimental from a business point of view. There is also a landfill tax that must be paid for every tonne of waste sent, this is set at £98.60 for the 2022/23 tax year, and this in addition to tipping and processing costs would be significant. A decrease in charges for disposal of waste would result in an increase in the volume being sent to landfill which is against Scottish and UK Governments aspirations in reducing waste to landfill. Council management considers current fees and charges are set at an appropriate level and should not be reduced. Deterrents Wardens check the fly-tipped waste for any indication of ownership such as mailing address prior to removing for disposal if size permits, larger items require larger vehicles used by Operations. If ownership can be determined a fixed penalty can be enforced. An example includes a landscape gardener who had been identified as an offender, as news of this was cascaded across that area there has been no recurrence of fly-tipping. CCTV has been used at waste disposal sites and at temporary locations to collect information to follow-up on where appropriate. There is a lengthy process and specific training required to implement use of CCTV, the duration of use must be clearly stated and recorded. Local Authorities are not permitted to use Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) devices in car parks and it is not clear whether they can be used in waste disposal sites as they are more commonly used in un- manned facilities. Health and Safety requires that waste disposal sites are manned. DVLA information can be requested where car parking fines are not paid within 15 days but there are stringent forms to fill in to justify checking up on someone’s number plate. Staff at waste disposal sites take notes of number plates to check if they attend the site on a regular basis, this can only be used if criminal activity is suspected and Police Scotland would be contacted. Scrutiny Meeting – Operations Manager – 06 February 2024 16. The meeting was attended by the Operations Manager to provide an update on the progress made in respect of data collection and provision of management information. The key messages reflecting the views of the Operations Manager are set out in Exhibit 3
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10 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 Exhibit 3 – Scrutiny Meeting 2 – Operations Manager - Key Messages Theme Detail Data collection from Customer Service Centre Data provided by the Customer Service Centre (CSC) team for the years 2021-22 and 2022-23 indicated a similar number of fly-tipping reports from members of the public as previously reported for 2019-20 and 2020-21. A revised report utilising alternative fields within the CSC system provided a more accurate data set for the year 2022-23 as it was able to remove those noted as duplicates or invalid, however, detailed analysis revealed additional discrepancies including further duplication and invalid/irrelevant entries. Information provided to the CSC relies heavily on the customer’s interpretation of what they have observed and whether it is located on public or private land. CSC staff have received additional training in the recording of fly-tipping reports received via telephone or face-to-face. There has been no enhancement to the means of reporting fly-tipping incidents via the Council’s digital platform to help guide customers when submitting reports on internet web forms. Management Information from worksheets Employee worksheets have been updated to enable separate recording of litter, fly-tipping and LEAMS work to provide management with a more accurate view of time spent and costs involved when undertaking work within these categories. The improved management information has been beneficial to the service and will be used in developing the Warden service. Officers and partner organisation in remote communities have been trained in delivery of some elements of the Warden’s work to reduce travel time. The volume of assisted collections and income generated has remained consistent over recent years despite inflationary increases in charges made. Prosecutions across Scotland A recent FOI request made by journalists indicates that out of early 300k incidents of fly-tipping reported across Scotland, only 51 cases have been sent for prosecution, the majority of which were received in Glasgow. National Litter and Fly-tipping Strategy and Action Plan Scottish Government has prepared a new National Litter and Fly-tipping Strategy and Action Plan outlining a collaborative approach involving national and local Government, businesses, the third sector, communities and individuals. This strategy sets out a refreshed approach to tackling litter and fly-tipping in order to protect and enhance Scotland’s environment; ensure safer and cleaner communities and contribute to a thriving circular economy. The Council has been involved in discussion with Scottish Government regarding implementation of the new Strategy and action plan.
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11 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 There is potential for the Council to collaborate further across Council boundaries with other authorities and organisations to share resources and enhance enforcement actions. There is potential for the Council to engage with Keep Scotland Beautiful to promote the new strategy and raise awareness within communities. 3. Overall Conclusion and Findings 17. Based on the information obtained over the course of the review the Panel has concluded that: • The Council is fulfilling its duty to keep public areas clean and have received positive outcomes in their LEAMS Report. • There is insufficient reliable data available from the CSC system to form an opinion on the extent of fly-tipping across the Council’s four administrative areas. • It is unlikely that reliable data will become available from the CSC system due to the individual interpretations of incidents reported by members of the public. • Improvements have been made in the recording of time spent investigating, clearing and enforcement of fly-tipping incidents to provide accurate management and cost information. • The current charging structure is appropriate. • The Council has good collaborative working arrangements with external organisations. 18. The review has identified three findings which have been discussed with management. These, and the management responses, are detailed in Exhibit 4. Exhibit 4 – Findings No. Recommendations Management Response Current Position 1 Service Management should liaise with the Customer Service Centre to establish the root cause of conflicting information presented to the panel for review and consider a consistent approach for recording information received in future. A meeting with Customer Service Centre Management has been arranged to discuss this week ending 3 June 2022. Meetings have taken place with the Senior Customer Service Centre Agent to implement improvements in the way that information is recorded at the point of contact with the customer. Unfortunately this only addresses the telephony and face to face interactions, to date, there has been no progress in refining fly-tipping reports that are received via the Council’s digital platform. 2 Records pertaining to fly- tipping incidents and associated costs should be maintained and made available for review. More accurate information will be maintained on the Wardens and Local Environment Teams Litter and fly-tipping work allocated to employees are now shown separately on worksheets to allow more
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12 Argyll and Bute Council – Scrutiny Report – Fly-Tipping 2023/24 No. Recommendations Management Response Current Position worksheets to provide this information in future. specific analysis to take place. 3 Once the extent of fly- tipping has been established, a cost- benefit analysis should take place to consider whether the Council’s charging structure remains appropriate. This will be reviewed following outcome of actions 1 and 2 above in advance of the February 2023 budget preparation. Robust figures regarding the number of fly-tipping incidents managed by the Council have not yet been established to provide a suitable analysis, however, management retain the view that fly-tipping incidents are low across Argyll and Bute and the current fees and charges are set at an appropriate level and should not be reduced. 4 Service Management should liaise with the Council’s Customer Service Centre and Web Team to establish the root cause of invalid information entering the CSC system via digital services and consider enhancements to webforms that will enable more robust gathering of information from the public. Future discussions will be programmed to ensure more accurate information and less duplicated information is collated. 5 Consideration be given to proactively use the Council’s media channels to outline the effects of fly-tipping and the consequences of such actions on the environment in Argyll and Bute. In addition, that the penalties for such behaviour have increased from £200 to £500 recently, which may help to bring people’s attention to the subject and also the penalties that could be levied if caught. Together with proactively using the media channels available to the Council, the service will look to further develop the services of agencies including Police Scotland and Keep Scotland Beautiful.